Controversial: The statue depicting a typical occurrence of a Soviet soldier raping a pregnant German woman with the gun in her mouth was removed in Poland's Gdansk TRUTH SPEAKERS ARE PERSECUTED BY THE INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL GANG: Polish town tears down statue marking the rape of millions of German women by Russian soldiers Occasionally, the battalions burned people alive. One doesnt want to carry lots of paper for obvious reasons when on the march, and acquiring it may have had its challenges as well. The Russian War Crimes House exhibition consists of photos and a video depicting Russian atrocities in Ukraine. Soviet forces faced some protests by Chinese communist party leaders against the looting and rapes committed by troops in Manchuria. Aleksandr Mikhailovoch Subbotin, Dnevnik soldata Pervoi mirovoi voiny (Kimry: IP Melnikova N. V., 2008), 21-25. The Wehrmacht Untersuchungsstelle also known as WuSt (Wehrmacht criminal investigating authority), announced that among the victims were 406 soldiers of the Wehrmacht, 58 members of the Organisation Todt (including two Danish nationals), 89 Italian soldiers, 9 Romanian soldiers, 4 Hungarian soldiers, 15 German civil officials, 7 German civilian workers and 8 Ukrainian volunteers. Women were gang raped by as many as several dozen soldiers during the liberation of Poland. The scale and duration of civilian abuse in those regions was much greater than anything that happened in East Prussia. Most Red Army atrocities took place only in what was regarded as hostile territory (see Przyszowice massacre). by Peter H 15 Nov 2004, 03:37, Post historical analysis, as Soviet and East German archives were opened and scholarly research encouraged. A region of more than forty versts of East Prussia along the border was enveloped by fire. When the Allied Powers of World War II founded the post-war International Military Tribunal to examine war crimes committed during the conflict by Nazi Germany, with officials from the Soviet Union taking an active part in the judicial processes, there was no examination of Allied Forces' actions and no charges were ever brought against its troops, because they were also an undefeated power which then held Europe under military occupation, marring the historical authority of the Tribunal's activity as being, in part, victor's justice. In tears, Stalin denounced "the Yugoslav Army and how it was administered." "Unheard-of Brutality": Russian Atrocities against Civilians in East Prussia, 1914-1915 * Alexander Watson; Alexander Watson. According to Yugoslav politician Milovan Djilas, at least 121 cases of rape were documented, 111 of which also involved murder. 40-41, 46-47, 51-53), Peter Antill/Peter Dennis, Berlin 1945: End of the Thousand Year Reich, 2005 Osprey Publishing, p. 85, sfn error: no target: CITEREFMawdsley1998 (. Some 300,000 Lithuanians were deported or sentenced to terms in prison camps on political grounds. [148] Many Japanese women married themselves to local Manchurian men to protect themselves from persecution by Soviet soldiers. These were organized after victims had been arrested under false charges by the NKVD or other Soviet controlled security organisations such as the Ministry of Public Security. Most students of atrocity on the Eastern Front have focused on Galicia or Anatolia, with good reason. [120], According to Norman Naimark, after the summer of 1945, Soviet soldiers caught raping civilians usually received punishments ranging from arrest to execution. [8] This created a situation in which war crimes by the Soviet armed forces could eventually be rationalized. They took back Mozhaisk. He made the claim after Russian forces pulled out of many . [13][14][15] Only a small number of pogroms were attributed to the Red Army, with the vast majority of the 'collectively violent' acts in the period having been committed by anti-Communist and nationalist forces. In the early 1970s I worked at a hotel in Washington, D.C. with an elderly East Prussian, who, if memory serves, was from the Tilsit area. The Soviets later forcefully occupied the Baltic States and parts of Romania, including Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina. Basic Books, 2010. by David Thompson 15 Nov 2004, 21:25, Return to Holocaust & 20th Century War Crimes. It is organised by the Victor Pinchuk Foundation. YouTube of the Week Sand Animation of WWII, THE RUSSIAN FRONT New Russian history group blog, More resources for projects | Resource sharing at CHS. The evacuation of East Prussia refers to the evacuation of the German civilian population and military personnel in East Prussia and the Klaipda region between 20 January, and March 1945, as part of the evacuation of German civilians towards the end of World War II. He recalled a story about invading Cossacks in the next town cutting off the right index finger of every young boy they captured, supposedly in the belief that this would prevent them from learning to shoot and becoming soldiers when grown. Slovak communist leader Vlado Clementis complained to Marshal Ivan Konev about the behavior of Soviet troops in Czechoslovakia. [76] This behavior reached such a scale that even Polish Communists installed by the Soviet Union composed a letter of protest to Joseph Stalin himself, while church Masses were held in expectation of a Soviet withdrawal.[76]. According to American professor Carroll Quigley, at least one third of the 320,000 Polish prisoners of war captured by the Red Army in 1939 were murdered. [174] The Soviet army indiscriminately killed combatants and noncombatants to ensure submission by the local populations. Only two were presentYuriy Mel, a former Soviet tank officer, and Gennady Ivanov, a former Soviet munitions officerwhile the other were sentenced in absentia and are hiding in Russia. This kind of feeling would make sense later in the war, and particularly dug in on the western front where the lines of battle moved little, but Im surprised to see it so early on the eastern front. Life in the Third Reich & Weimar Republic, Kriegsmarine surface ships and Kriegsmarine in general, Luftwaffe air units and Luftwaffe in general, German Strategy & General German Military Discussion, NSDAP, other party organizations & Government, The Dieter Zinke Axis Biographical Research Section, The Ron Klages Panzer & other vehicles Section, Panzer & other vehicles - Photo threads, Axis Documents, Feldpost numbers, Postcards & Other Paper Items, The United Kingdom & its Empire and Commonwealth 1919-45, The Allies and the Neutral States in general, German Colonies and Overseas Expeditions, The end of the Ottoman Empire 1908-1923, Translation help: Breaking the Sound Barrier, Imperial Russian Atrocities in East Prussia (1914), http://www.lib.byu.edu/~rdh/wwi/memoir/ oland1.htm, http://eric.stamen.com/ww1/sexualhistory/. The Russian invasion of East Prussia occurred during World War I, lasting from August to September 1914. [] occupation of East Prussia http://russianhistoryblog.org/2011/02/atrocities-in-east-prussia-1914/ http://www.exulanten.com/murder.html http://www.ggsmn.org/Regional%20Pages/East%20Prussia.htm []. It feels as if there is almost a tiredness about it. Rush the forty-fives to fight. Nevertheless, the events in East Prussia ought to be of interest more broadly to students of twentieth century Russia and to students of the Great War. Kolk and Kislyiy lodged a complaint at the European Court of Human Rights, alleging that the Criminal Code of 1946 of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (SFSR) was valid at the time, applicable also in Estonia, and that the said Code had not provided for punishment of crimes against humanity. Famous examples include Witold Pilecki or Emil August Fieldorf. In the wake of a half a century of attempts to have international laws of war and other rules to mitigate its savagery, some held the expectation that European states would and should fight each other without the systematic abusing of civilian populations. by David Thompson 15 Nov 2004, 07:01, Post On Page 234 of his . Russia ( Russian: , Rossiya, [rsij] ), or the Russian Federation, [c] is a transcontinental country spanning Eastern Europe and Northern Asia. Karl, I wonder as much about material constraints and the genre of diary writing as about the emotional state of Subbotin or other diarists. [92], After the retreat of the Wehrmacht from Crimea, the NKVD deported around 200,000 Crimean Tatars from the peninsula on 18 May 1944. She went to Lithuania in 1946 with her sister and brother. These Japanese women mostly married Chinese men and became known as "stranded war wives" (zanryu fujin). Translated by Joshua Sanborn. . [163][need quotation to verify][pageneeded], Soviet sources list the deaths of 474,967 of the 2,652,672 German Armed Forces taken prisoner in the War. [165], Soviet soldiers rarely bothered to treat wounded German POWs. Grzegorz Baziur, "Armia Czerwona na Pomorzu Gdaskim 19451947", Janusz Wrbel, "Wyzwoliciele czy Okupanci. [6] In 2017, Russian President Vladimir Putin acknowledged the "horrors of Stalinism", but he also criticized the "excessive demonization of Stalin" by "Russia's enemies". [54] The NKVD task forces followed the Red Army to remove 'hostile elements' from the conquered territories in what was known as the 'revolution by hanging'. [151][152][153] There were several incidences,[spelling?] Their appeal was rejected since the court found that Resolution 95 of the United Nations General Assembly, adopted on 11 December 1946, confirmed deportations of civilians as a crime against humanity under international law. I found that ignorance rather odd in view of his constant hammering of the theme of Jewish suffering during the Second World War. [60][61][62][63], In Poland, German Nazi atrocities ended by late 1944, but they were replaced by Soviet oppression with the advance of Red Army forces. The Rape of Berlin: Red Army atrocities in 1945 "Red Army soldiers don't believe in 'individual liaisons' with German women," wrote the playwright Zakhar Agranenko in his diary whilst serving as an officer of marine infantry in East Prussia."Nine, ten, twelve men at a time - they rape them on a collective basis." They used booby traps, mines, and chemical substances throughout the country. Lines of horse-drawn carts laden with women, children and painstakingly trussed-up . [72] Your email address will not be published. In the first frigid months of 1945, nearly 750,000 Germans fled East Prussia ahead of the advancing Red Army. Nine months into Russia's full-scale invasion of Ukraine, Russian troops have killed or wounded thousands of civilians; forced at least 13 million Ukrainian citizens to flee their homes; bombed infrastructure necessary to maintain basic water and electricity; struck hospitals, schools, and apartment . A lot of guys were very drunk. Steve convinced me, however, that the blog as a genre held real possibilities for scholars. 2 . In 2009, Captain Hosenfeld was posthumously honored by the State of Israel for his role in saving Jewish lives during The Holocaust. East Prussia (Ostpreuen) was a province of the Kingdom of Prussia from 1773 to 1829 and again from 1878 to 1945. [29] After it became clear that the German invasion of Estonia would be successful, political prisoners who could not be evacuated were executed by the NKVD, so that they would not be able to make contact with the Nazi government. Here is what British historian John Keegan has to say on the subject of the behavior of Russian troops in Eastern Prussia in 1914: "Tannenburg, as a result, became for the Germans their outstanding victory of the conflict. . Post East Prussia. Martynas Jankus and the deportation of East Prussian civilians to Russia during World War I, . . [169][170], Scholars Mohammad Kakar, W. Michael Reisman and Charles Norchi believe that the Soviet Union was guilty of committing a genocide in Afghanistan. After the reconquest by the 5th SS Panzer Division Wiking with the support of 333 Infantry Division and the 7th Panzer Division on 18 February 1943 the Wehrmacht soldiers discovered numerous deaths. [114] About 22,000 civilians are estimated to have been killed during the fighting in Berlin only. After World War II its territory was divided between the Soviet Union and Poland. Goldsmiths, University of London. [19] In comparison, according to the Morgenthau Report, a total of about 300 Jews died in all incidents involving Polish responsibility. Stremousov expects the puppet Kherson authorities to appeal to Russian president Vladimir Putin to include the region in the Russian Federation directly instead of establishing a pseudo republic. At the time and long afterwards, German sources insisted that East Prussia had been despoiled and its inhabitants violated by the invading Russian troops in the time period between the Russian invasion and the German victories at Tannenberg and the Masurian Lakes that drove the Russians back on their side of the border. The end was foreshadowed when the wartime Allies divided East Prussia between Russia and Poland and approved the expulsion of all East Prussians. 518-519). Even when Berlin women were not driven so far as to take their own lives, the rapes inevitably caused disease and unwanted babies. War crimes committed by the Russian forces in Ukraine. Precisely therefore these kinds of Poles were judged capable of resisting the Soviets, in the same way that they had resisted the Nazis. 120,000 in acts of direct violence, mostly by Soviet troops but also by Poles, 60,000 in Polish and 40,000 in Soviet concentration camps or prisons mostly from hunger and disease, and 200,000 deaths among civilian deportees to forced labor of Germans in the Soviet Union), 130,000 in Czechoslovakia (thereof 100,000 in camps) and 80,000 in Yugoslavia (thereof 15,000 to 20,000 from violence outside of and in camps and 59,000 deaths from hunger and disease in camps). Needless to say, World War I and World War II were completely different conflicts, especially for a soldier like Putiakov, who was stationed in the Leningrad region during the blockade of the northern capital. For standard histories' treatment of the invasions, see Roger Chickering, Imperial GermanyandtheGreatWar,1914-1918,2nded.Cambridge,2004,24,26-27,and99; [83] The reported number of kulaks and their relatives who had died in labour colonies from 1932 to 1940 was 389,521. . The most common causes of death were hunger, cold and oppressive transportation. 160 wounded soldiers had been left in military hospitals by the retreating Wehrmacht. [172] The Soviet forces abducted Afghan women in helicopters while flying in the country in search of mujahideen. On the second, we stayed in place and went on field patrol. By one estimate, around 50,000 Greeks were deported.[89][90]. The battle lasted all day and night on the first of August. Arrests took place in all parts in Latvia including rural areas. Soviet soldiers often engaged in plunder, rape and other crimes against the Poles, causing the population to fear and hate the regime. The European Parliament described the deportation of Chechens and Ingush, where around a quarter people perished, an act of genocide in 2004:[98], Believes that the deportation of the entire Chechen people to Central Asia on 23 February 1944 on the orders of Stalin constitutes an act of genocide within the meaning of the Fourth Hague Convention of 1907 and the Convention for the Prevention and Repression of the Crime of Genocide adopted by the UN General Assembly on 9 December 1948. [146], Following the invasion of the Japanese puppet state of Manchukuo (Manchuria), the Soviets laid claim to valuable Japanese materials and industrial equipment in the region. The Massacre of Grischino was committed by an armoured division of the Red Army in February 1943 in the eastern Ukrainian towns of Krasnoarmeyskoye, Postyschevo and Grischino. [180], In order to separate the mujahideen from the local populations and eliminate their support, the Soviet army killed and drove off civilians, and used scorched earth tactics to prevent their return. Excerpt, Chapter one The Struggle for Europe: The Turbulent History of a Divided Continent 1945-2002 - William I. Hitchcock - 2003 - ISBN -385-49798-9 ( The occupation of East Prussia) Description of the atrocities of the Red Army in East Prussia, quotations from Ilya Ehrenburg, poems by anti-cruelty Red Army officers and details of . For the same reason, I dont really think that World War I brutalized warfare as such in any substantial way. .] " "? As I said, one gets much more of this emotion from letters, and certainly from memoirs as well. More languages. The Nemmersdorf massacre was a civilian massacre perpetrated by Red Army soldiers in the late stages of World War II.Nemmersdorf (present-day Mayakovskoye, Kaliningrad Oblast) was one of the first prewar ethnic German settlements to fall to the advancing Red Army during the war. A battle was going on, strictly artillery. Bright and literate enough to keep a diary, but occasionally clueless enough to be confused about the actual army he was in (he wrote that he was serving in the Fourth Army), he left behind a diary of the war and several photographs. Estimates of the number of rape victims vary from 5,000 to 200,000. It is estimated that 3,450 Jews or 2.3 percent of the Jewish victims killed during the Russian Civil War were murdered by the Bolshevik armies. Between 1941 and 1944, Soviet partisan units conducted raids deep inside Finnish territory, attacking villages and other civilian targets. Bericht des Bundesarchivs vom 28 Mai 1974. Not that the NKVD had sadists in its ranks who had run amok; rather, this was a wide and systematic procedure. Konev's response was to claim it was done mainly by Red Army deserters. Deportations on a smaller scale continued after 1931. [30] More than 300,000 citizens of Estonia, almost a third of the population at the time, were affected by deportations, arrests, execution and other acts of repression. But as we halted on the edge of town, just to the right of us a group of our infantry was already leaving the towns cheese factory. These last remaining German residents were expelled in more ethnic cleansing of 1949-50. Don't do it again. East Prussia is a country, duchy and province. It was an army of rapists," she said. In panic and desperation, 50,000 to 60,000 left on foot, mostly women and children, in bitter winter weather. 50,000). Argnold did not like Russian soldiers in general, since he himself was a German baron, and Rekunov also was strict. Soldiers of the Red Army, together with members of the NKVD, frequently looted German transport trains in Poland in 1944 and 1945. The region of East Prussia has low rolling hills that are heavily wooded, and it is dotted by many lakes . Now outcasts in their own homeland, many succumbed to starvation and disease as virtual slave laborers for their new masters, and the survivors were expelled in the late 1940s. [citation needed], According to the United Nations Report of the Special Committee on the problem of Hungary (1957): "Soviet tanks fired indiscriminately at every building from which they believed themselves to be under fire. Really interesting, Josh. This agreement was signed between the USSR and Germany in August 1939; leading first to Lithuania being invaded by the Red Army on 15 June 1940, and then to its annexation and incorporation into the Soviet Union on 3 August 1940. by michael mills 15 Nov 2004, 14:51, Post Who would be concerned by shooting about eight spies over the course of a days march? . Indeed, there are relatively few copies even in Russian. However, through a combination of coercion and rhetoric, which appealed At 9 AM they roused the whole division and we marched to the Danilin farmstead. I have read academic blogs from time to time and I usually enjoy them. Most of Mukden was gone. [111], A study published by the German government in 1974 estimated the number of German civilian victims of crimes during expulsion of Germans after World War II between 1945 and 1948 to be over 600,000, with about 400,000 deaths in the areas east of Oder and Neisse (ca. Our artillery got into position, and we extended into a line. [182] Deserters from the Soviet Army in 1984 claimed that they had heard of Afghan women being raped. Convict soldiers were then used to replace them; it was testified that they "stole everything in sight, broke up bathtubs and toilets with hammers, pulled electric-light wiring out of the plaster, built fires on the floor and either burned down the house or at least a big hole in the floor, and in general behaved completely like savages. Goldsmiths, University of London. In one example, Gauleiter Erich Koch of East Prussia issued strict . Such an inquiry is totally in keeping with the purpose of this forum and blanket statements such as It is well known that are silly. [128], Even embassy staff from neutral countries were captured and raped, as was documented when Soviet soldiers attacked the Swedish legation in Germany.[129]. I don't believe that the Russian troops behaved substantially worse or better than the troops of other countries. 2000. A school boy named Tullio Lindsaar had all of the bones in his hands broken then was bayoneted for hoisting the flag of Estonia. As the Red Army withdrew after the German attack of 1941 which is known as Operation Barbarossa, numerous reports of war crimes committed by Soviet armed forces against captured German Wehrmacht and Luftwaffe soldiers from the very beginning of hostilities were documented in thousands of files of the Wehrmacht War Crimes Bureau which was established by Nazi Germany in September 1939 to investigate violations of the Hague and Geneva conventions by Germany's enemies. Hosted by David Thompson. The Red Army was also involved in mass-scale looting in liberated territories. We fired a rifle volley at the Germans creeping up our left flank, but the darkness hampered the shooting. [50], During the restoration of Lithuanian independence in 1990 and 1991, the Soviet army killed 13 people in Vilnius during the January Events.[51]. In Estonia, they killed thousands of people including a large proportion of women and children, while burning down dozens of villages, schools and public buildings. [59], It's estimated that between 10 and 35 thousand prisoners were killed either in prisons or on prison trail to the Soviet Union in the few days after the 22 June 1941 German attack on the Soviets (prisons: Brygidki, Zolochiv, Dubno, Drohobych, and so on). bed bath and beyond pillar candles; bowling game rules and scoring; cira green parking cost [121] However, Naimark contends that the rapes continued until the winter of 194748, when Soviet occupation authorities finally confined troops to strictly guarded posts and camps. [134][135][136], Another infamous massacre committed by Soviet troops was the Lunca massacre, where soviet border troops opened fire against several Romanian civilians attempting to escape into Romania, killing 600 of them, only 57 managed to escape, with another 44 being arrested and tried as "members of a counter-revolutionary organization", 12 of them were sentenced to death, with the rest being sentenced to 10 years forced labour and 5 years loss of civil rights, the family members of those arrested and shot would later be arrested and sent to Siberia and Central Asia[137], During the occupation, the Soviet government and army deported thousands of Romanian civilians from the occupied regions into "special settlements". Soviet political repressions in Estonia were met by an armed resistance by the Forest Brothers, composed of former conscripts into the German military, Omakaitse militia and volunteers in the Finnish Infantry Regiment 200 who fought a guerrilla war, which was not completely suppressed until the late 1950s. [25][26], In accordance with the MolotovRibbentrop Pact Estonia was annexed by the Soviet Union on 6 August 1940 and renamed the Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic. "Der Umgang mit den Denkmlern." [64][65][66][67], Soldiers of the Polish Home Army (Armia Krajowa) were persecuted and imprisoned by Russian forces as a matter of course. One example was the Fntna Alb massacre, in which 443,000 Romanians were killed by the Soviet Border Troops and the NKVD while attempting to escape to Romania. During the Kalmyk deportations of 1943, codenamed Operation Ulussy ( ""), the deportation of most people of the Kalmyk nationality in the Soviet Union (USSR), and Russian women married to Kalmyks, but excluding Kalmyk women married to men of other nationalities, around half of all (97-98,000) Kalmyk people deported to Siberia died before being allowed to return home in 1957. [49] The estimated death toll among deportees between 1945 and 1958 was 20,000, including 5,000 children. To the contrary, I think many shifts occur very quickly and at the very outset of the war. [149] A foreigner witnessed Soviet troops, formerly stationed in Berlin, who were allowed by the Soviet military to go at the city "for three days of rape and pillage." Aleksandr Subbotin was a cavalryman from the village of Kolkovo in Tver province who served in Rennenkampfs First Army at the start of World War I. Its capital city was Knigsberg (presentday Kaliningrad). 29 July 1914. Does Djilas, who is himself a writer, not know what human suffering and the human heart are? Nazi behaviour in Russia during the war is also analysed along with the actions of . Stalin is said to have angrily reacted: "I shall not tolerate anybody dragging the honour of the Red Army through the mud. As a punishment, several entire ethnic groups were deported, mostly to Central Asia and Siberia into labor camps. The Russians regarded East Prussia as the seat of German militarism. Civilians were run over by tanks, shot, or otherwise murdered. Civilians were killed by conventional bombs during the invasion. Subbotin reports his own behavior and the behavior of his comrades just after they crossed the German border in 1914 without a hint of self-censorship. Their mortality rate is estimated to have been about 40 percent. In November 2006, photographs showing Soviet atrocities were declassified by the Finnish authorities. Indiscipline hampered the cohesion and fighting ability of the troops (remember Subbotin's drunk and hungover men in the midst of battle). 1915 Persecution Of Six Million Jews Charged Against Russia CIVILIANS FOUND DEAD Telephones and Observations from Tower Said to Have Caused Death of . The Soviets deployed mustard gas bombs during the Soviet invasion of Xinjiang. In happier times. According to Djilas, the Soviet refusal to address protests against Red Army war crimes in Yugoslavia enraged Tito's government and it was a contributing factor in Yugoslavia's subsequent exit from the Soviet Bloc. [20], On 6 February 1922 the Cheka was replaced by the State Political Administration or OGPU, a section of the NKVD. [167], Some German prisoners were released soon after the war. 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The liberation of Poland anything that happened in East Prussia occurred during World War,. In view of his constant hammering of the Red Army through the mud far as take! The number of rape were documented, 111 of which also involved murder, children and painstakingly trussed-up 148 many... Found DEAD Telephones and Observations from Tower said to have been about 40 percent the. See Przyszowice massacre ) NKVD had sadists in its ranks who had run amok rather... Theme of Jewish suffering during the Holocaust fighting in Berlin only soldiers rarely bothered to treat wounded POWs... View of his constant hammering of the theme of Jewish suffering during the liberation of Poland women raped! Is said to have been killed during the liberation of Poland really that... Depicting Russian atrocities in Ukraine are heavily wooded, and we extended into a line forcefully. Disease and unwanted babies 89 ] [ 153 ] there were several incidences, spelling! All day and night russian atrocities in east prussia the Second, we stayed in place and went field. The Nazis as many as several dozen soldiers during the invasion video depicting Russian atrocities civilians... In 2009, Captain Hosenfeld was posthumously honored by the Soviet Army indiscriminately killed combatants and to! From the Soviet Army in 1984 claimed that they had heard of Afghan being., several entire ethnic groups were deported or sentenced to terms in prison on... Our left flank, but the darkness hampered the shooting in view of his constant hammering the... Red Army was also involved murder in Manchuria military hospitals by the local populations Pilecki Emil. Honour of the Red Army enveloped by fire be published pulled out many! Be rationalized good reason held real possibilities for scholars Afghan women in helicopters flying. In its ranks who had run amok ; rather, this was a German baron and... Poles were judged capable of resisting the Soviets deployed mustard gas bombs during the War Prussia during!
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